How Conservative Hollywood Became a Liberal Town

While it may seem as though Hollywood has always been liberal, it hasn’t. Very few people today realize that at one point in the development of American cinema, conservatives ruled the movie-making industry. Even today, conservative celebrities make successful movies for their millions of fans. Santa Monica College Professor Larry Ceplair, co-author of The Inquisition in Hollywood, wrote that during the ‘20s and ‘30s, most studio heads were conservative Republicans who spent millions of dollars to block union and guild organizing. Likewise, the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees, the Moving Picture Machine Operators, and the Screen Actors Guild were all headed by conservatives, as well. Scandals and Censorship In the early 1920s, a series of scandals rocked Hollywood. According to authors Kristin Thompson and David Bordwell, silent film star Mary Pickford divorced her first husband in 1921 so that she could marry the attractive Douglas Fairbanks. Later that year, Roscoe â€Å"Fatty† Arbuckle was accused (but later acquitted) of raping and murdering a young actress during a wild party. In 1922, after director William Desmond Taylor was found murdered, the public learned of his lurid love affairs with some of Hollywood’s best-known actresses. The final straw came in 1923, when Wallace Reid, a ruggedly handsome actor, died of a morphine overdose. In themselves, these incidents were a cause for sensation but taken together, studio bosses worried they would be accused of promoting immorality and self-indulgence. As it was, a number of protest groups had successfully lobbied Washington and the federal government was looking to impose censorship guidelines on the studios. Rather than losing control of their product and face the involvement of the government, the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of American (MPPDA) hired Warren Harding’s Republican postmaster general, Will Hays, to address the problem. The Hays Code In their book, Thompson and Bordwell say Hays appealed to the studios to remove objectionable content from their films and in 1927, he gave them a list of material to avoid, called the â€Å"Don’ts and Be Carefuls† list. It covered most sexual immorality and the depiction of criminal activity. Nevertheless, by the early 1930s, many of the items on Hays’ list were being ignored and with Democrats controlling Washington, it seemed more likely than ever that a censorship law would be implemented. In 1933, Hays pushed the film industry to adopt the Production Code, which explicitly forbids depictions of crime methodology, sexual perversion. Films that abide by the code received a seal of approval. Although the â€Å"Hays Code,† as it came to be known helped the industry avoid stiffer censorship at the national level, it began to erode in the late 40s and early ‘50s. The House Un-American Activities Committee Although it was not considered un-American to sympathize with the Soviets during the 1930s or during World War II, when they were American allies, it was considered un-American when the war was over. In 1947, Hollywood intellectuals who had been sympathetic to the communist cause during those early years found themselves being investigated by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and questioned about their â€Å"communist activities.† Ceplair points out that the conservative Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals provided the committee with names of so-called subversives. Members of the alliance testified before the committee as friendly† witnesses. Other â€Å"friendlies,† such as Jack Warner of Warner Bros. and actors Gary Cooper, Ronald Reagan, and Robert Taylor either fingered others as â€Å"communists† or expressed concern over liberal content in their scripts. After a four-year suspension of the committee ended in 1952, former communists and Soviet sympathizers such as actors Sterling Hayden and Edward G. Robinson kept themselves out of trouble by naming others. Most of the people named were script-writers. Ten of them, who testified as â€Å"unfriendly† witnesses became known as the â€Å"Hollywood Ten† and were blacklisted – effectively ending their careers. Ceplair notes that following the hearings, guilds, and unions purged liberals, radicals, and leftists from their ranks, and over the next 10 years, the outrage slowly began to dissipate. Liberalism Seeps Into Hollywood Due in part to a backlash against abuses perpetrated by the House Un-American Activities Committee, and in part to a landmark Supreme Court ruling in 1952 declaring films to be a form of free speech, Hollywood began to slowly liberalize. By 1962, the Production Code was virtually toothless. The newly formed Motion Picture Association of America implemented a rating system, which still stands today. In 1969, following the release of  Easy Rider, directed by liberal-turned-conservative  Dennis Hopper, counter-culture films began to appear in significant numbers. By the mid-1970s, older directors were retiring, and a new generation of filmmakers was emerging. By the late 1970s, Hollywood was very openly and specifically liberal. After making his last film in 1965, Hollywood director John Ford saw the writing on the wall. â€Å"Hollywood now is run by Wall St. and Madison Ave., who demand ‘Sex and Violence,’† author Tag Gallagher quotes him as writing in his  book,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"This is against my conscience and religion.† Hollywood Today Things are not much different today. In a 1992 letter to the  New York Times, screenwriter and playwright  Jonathan R. Reynolds  lament  that â€Å"†¦ Hollywood today is as fascistic toward conservatives as the 1940s and 50s were  liberals †¦ And that goes for the movies and television shows produced.† It goes beyond Hollywood, too, Reynolds argues. Even the New York theater community is rampant with liberalism. â€Å"Any play that suggests that racism is a two-way street or that socialism is degrading simply wont be produced,† Reynolds writes. â€Å"I defy you to name any plays produced in the last 10 years that intelligently espouse conservative ideas. Make that 20 years.† The lesson Hollywood still has not learned, he says, is that repression of ideas, regardless of political persuasion, â€Å"should not be rampant in the arts.† The enemy is repression itself.

In the short stories in ‘The Bloody Chamber’, Carter is...

In the short stories in ‘The Bloody Chamber’, Carter is excessively interested in violent instincts’. How far do you agree with this view? In the short stories in ‘The Bloody Chamber’, Carter is excessively interested in violent instincts, this viewpoint is correct to an extent but Carter has a feministic approach to her stories, which at some points more apparent. I find that her stories are in a literal sense driven by violent instincts but optimistic outlook of Carter that humans are capable of change is still evident. Violence is already embedded in fairytales and by bringing this to the surface; she is only catering to her adult audience. The violent instincts portrayed by the characters shows what happens when we give in to the†¦show more content†¦Carter comments on this often in her short stories in ‘The Bloody Chamber’. Secondly, Carter is suggesting that while society remains its patriarchal self, violence will always be present and this is reflected in her short stories. Carter appears to be excessively interested in violent instincts because she wanted to explore the human nature. In the Company of Wolves, the narrator addresses the reader, from the perspective of someone involved in the story In ‘granny’s bed between the paws of the tender wolf’ suggests that this story is based on little red riding hood. The juxtaposition of tender and wolf, shows how Carter creates dominant male characters which though are presented as evil are also seen to be partly victimised by their role which they are trapped within. Although carter uses intertexuality and makes exospheric references to other folk tales, in ‘the company of wolves’, it is actually hinting at what it is like for females to go out into the world and immediately be in danger from men and the traps that they la y for them, ‘You are always in danger in the forest’. The forest is perhaps an allegory for society and in a sense women must use the strength that has derived through their female lineage e.g. Mothers, Grandmothers to face obstacles. Angela Carter presents a feminist agenda in which women are presented as controlling their own

English 2 †Literary Response Free Essays

My Singular Irene Literature is, by my understanding, a means to critic society and individuals or the way the world is behaving. Writers of Literature write literature to provide a new way of seeing things that might be different from our point of view. In other words, writers use tools of literature story like: symbolism, point of view to help them is making the literature story to be more exciting and clear to us, the reader. We will write a custom essay sample on English 2 – Literary Response or any similar topic only for you Order Now The author helps us to see the frailty or other bad deeds and good things about this life in this world as we seldom see those things with our own eyes. A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings and My Singular Irene is a very good example for this literature reading, because it is very rich in literature concept and devices, like: symbolism or point of view. The main character in this story is said to be alienated, repressed and silenced in the story. I will prove this statement by retelling the main point on the story that supports this statement. A very old man refers to an old angel that is cast ashore into earth because of inability to keep up with the heavy rain. e can see that the angel is alienated from examples that shown this statement, such as : †They found the whole neighborhood in front of the chicken coop having fun with the angel, without the slightest reference, tossing him things to eat through the openings in the wire as if he weren’t a supernatural creature but a circus animal. †(Gabriel Garcia Marquez 36). the angel is alienated because It is treated differently from the others. The others are having f un with the angel rather than socializing with the angel. The angel is also repressed and silenced. There is a quotation that shows this statement: â€Å"Pelayo watch over him all afternoon from the kitchen, armed with his Bailiff’s club, and before going to bed he dragged him out of the mud and locked him up with the hens in the wire chicken coop. †(Gabriel Garcia- Marquez 36). From this statement, we can derive that the angel is â€Å"caged† from it’s freedom and its freedom is repressed by the caged that Pelayo given it, thus the angel is silenced from the freedom. My Singular Irene is also a good example for this literature reading. Irene is reputed to be alienated is true in this story. Irene is treated differently from other people. From the story we know that Ilene’s husband( the first person view in the story) isolated Irene from the outside world by buying Irene very expensive â€Å"stuff† to lure Irene to stay in the house isolated from the outside world. Irene is also axiomatic to be repressed and silenced. We know from the story that Irene is considered as a â€Å"thing† to her husband, because her husband wants Irene to act like he wants. So, in order to satisfy his ego, Irene is inhibited and muted by many ways, like: not allowing Irene to go to the outside world, forbidding visitors to meet Irene. Irene too, like the Angel is constrained from freedom. A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings and My Singular Irene are an example of story that has a symbol of contemporary alienation and triumph over it. First, I am going to express about A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings. The angel in the story is alienated or make indifferent. It is derived from the behavior of the people that found the angel. It is treated like mere goods than divine figure. So, it is true that it is a contemporary alienation. Later in the story, we know that the angel has his most precious tool that can bring him back to his divine status. That tool is its wings, when its wings grows back, he immediately leaped up to the sky and clapped its wings and fly to the horizon of freedom. The angel is reputed to be a triumph over alienation. Second, My Singular Irene is also a symbol of alienation. Irene is also made hostile like the angel. She is isolated or â€Å"caged† by her husband; there is an interesting point in this story in my point of view. To me, Irene seemed to be speechless or not a living thing. The author writes the story in such a way that us, readers, grabs the alienation theme in the story. Irene is also considered as a triumph over alienation. There is a quotation from the story: Horrifying! Irene changed into a horrendous butterfly! I stood up and fell again, powerless now. She would leave me; she would take flight and leave me. The gigantic Irene Butterfly smiled at me, diminished, and disappeared with the others. I am at the site of the events, waiting for Irene’s return. She has no return. She cannot deny me the peace that her company always offered me. (AlmAnzar, JosE AlcAntara 45) From this quotation, I interpret it that Irene’s freedom does also mean she has a higher status in the relationship with her husband now. What I meant by higher status of relationship is the one that always try to get the relationship going is the one that has a lower status, in this case, her husband. Irene’s triumph over alienation is expressed by the author of Irene transformation into the most beautiful butterfly that can fly anywhere it wants. It is very interesting that these two stories have a similar thing. They both define freedom by flying leaving the thing that binds their way to freedom. The following paragraph below tells a story about human needs for personal freedom and community. There is certainly no argument in this world that can be used to defy human needs for socializing and personal freedom. Human always seek out a way to grab that freedom. Kingdom falls, kingdom rises, Leader of a faction dies, and assassin was born. All of these examples are made because of the need to obtain and maintain personal freedom and the ability to communicate freely with communities of choice. There is an interesting story below those talks about human’s desire for personal liberty. This story is about the struggle of African-American communities in the United States to obtain their right of personal freedom and human needs for sociality. United States also known as the land of the free and the brave has been well known for its freedom. It has a lot to offer, such as: the freedom of speech, the right to work, etc. But, in contrast to all of those things, there is a little dispute inside this great country in the era of slavery. African American is the target for this matter. African American arrived in the United States as Indentured Servants via Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. They could earn their so called â€Å"personal freedom† by working as slave to their chosen master. As time goes by, the other majority in the United States made a conduct for slaves called â€Å"Slaves Codes†. This Slave Codes constrained African American in the Unites States from their liberty. They did fight for it until the Majority pushes another harsh rule for any slaves that disobey its masters. From this point, we can see human’s needs for personal freedom. Human fights for freedom risking everything they had, like: their lives, treasure, relatives. There is also a story of a president that fight for part of his citizen’s needs for personal freedom, his name was Abraham Lincoln. He was a farmer boy that born Feb. 12, 1809, in Hardin County, Kentucky. His parents were both born in Virginia. Abraham was well known for his strength and cleverness in farming skills. In not so long time he began to be very famous in the community because of his skills in socializing. Not so long after that, he became the president of the United States. He saw this great calamity of slavery and intends to abolish this calamity for good. To pursue this personal freedom, Abraham had gone through a lot of obstacles from his own family until his own citizen in the south. Alas, not so long a civil war broke out between the north and the south. But, the good always wins; Abraham with the North wins the Civil War by diplomacy. And thus the period of reconstruction began. Unfortunately Abraham was killed by an assassin in April 14, 1865; Lincoln was killed at Ford’s Theatre in Washington by John Wilkes Booth. This story has greatly described to us the importance of human need for community and personal freedom. In conclusion, these two stories, My Singular Irene and A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings, tell us about the importance of personal freedom and need of interaction with other people. They also told us, no matter how hard human is pushed to abandoned their personal freedom; human always emerges to fight their way to obtain freedom even though they have to put their lives on the line to achieve their goal, personal freedom. How to cite English 2 – Literary Response, Papers

General Characteristics Of Network Governance Commerce Essay Example For Students

General Characteristics Of Network Governance Commerce Essay Modern societies went in recent decennaries through a destabilization period of the traditional government mechanisms which led to the outgrowth of new administration agreements ( van Kersbergen A ; van Waarden, 2004, p.143 ) . This so called shift in administration occurred because of several grounds ; the ideological displacement towards markets, the outgrowth of new public direction, globalization and the ideological displacement towards private histrions duty are illustrations of this. This means that administration has become more and more of import the last twosome of decennaries, but despite this there are assorted significances of the construct administration and a clear significance is losing. A clear common is that they all refer to dealingss among persons, groups and organisations and that they describe and analyze so called shifts in administration ( van Kersbergen A ; van Waarden, 2004, p.144 ) . The displacements in administration have occurred at three degrees ; the macro, micro and meso degree. The macro degree refers to the degree of the province. In this manner the construct of administration refers to the promotion of solid and sustainable economic development which consists of an efficient authorities, an effectual civil society and a successful private sector. The micro degree is more specific and refers to the degree of an organisation. It comprises a set of procedures, imposts, policies, Torahs and establishments which affect the manner a corporation is managed. Besides the relationships among the stakeholders which are involved is of import in this. The last degree, the meso degree is besides called the inter-organizational degree. It refers to the guidance of society through the coordination of public and non-public histrions in web constructions and is a typical illustration of the development from authorities to administration ( Klok, 2011, HC1-sheet5-7 ) . In t his paper the focal point will be on the municipality and the possible cooperation with public and non-public histrions in the specific policy field. Therefore the focal point in this memo will be on the meso-level of administration. At the meso degree three manners of administration can be distinguished as is being argued by new wave Heffen and Klok ( 2000 ) . They refer to manners like hierarchies, markets and webs as action spheres. The hierarchy is characterized by a uni-centric action sphere which consists of governments and citizens. In this instance the governments have the freedom to do determinations assigned to place by constitution legal regulations which are in conformity with processs. The citizens on the other manus have the freedom to utilize their civil rights besides in relation to governments. A market action sphere is characterized by Sellerss and purchasers where there is the freedom to move on ain belongings which is limited merely by constitutional and general legal regulations. In this instance the collection is a bilateral understanding and self-generated through single action and monetary value scene. Following to this a market is characterized by a exchange of goods through payment and i s produced by personal involvement. The last manner of administration are webs which are characterized by members and non-members. The boundaries of a web can be restrictive or non-restrictive, this depends on the determinations members make. In a web members with specific places can hold specific authorization, but members are largely included in corporate determinations. Non-members have no specific authorization, merely as a citizen. A web is besides characterized by interconnection among the members and a mix of common ( members merely ) and personal involvement ( Van Heffen A ; Klok, 2000, p.4 ) . If a closer expression on networking is proved, it can be said that networking refers to the ability of histrions to develop comparatively stable, sometimes informal, dealingss. With these dealingss it will be possible for the histrions to do determinations or to organize actions by dialogue and consensus edifice. In this manner histrions can do the strategic pick to web because of common dockets or because of the fact that corporate action can carry through specific ends. Another of import feature of networking is the fact that the web members contribute different resources to go more effectual or efficient which is sometimes aimed towards legitimacy and invention ( van Heffen A ; Klok, 2000 ) . Outline1 Which factors should play a function in make up ones minding to put in web administration ( or non to make so ) ?2 Which benefits might be expected from web administration, but besides which jobs might happen?3 Which facets should be considered when doing existent agreements for web administration, in order to maximise benefits and minimise jobs? Which factors should play a function in make up ones minding to put in web administration ( or non to make so ) ? There are different factors which determine for an histrion, in this instance the municipality, whether to web or non to web. This can depend on the other histrions involved, on which activities an histrion wants to web and to what extent or the degree of liberty an histrion is prepared to web ( Hay A ; Richards, 2000, p.17-18 ) . Other illustrations of factors which determine whether an histrion is prepared to web are effectivity, efficiency and legitimacy. An of import facet of these factors is that they are driven by the construction vs. bureau argument. This argument is approximately two sort of ways how webs are created. On the one manus it is argued that webs are created from structural dealingss between histrions, besides called resource or result mutuality. Given these conditions, web constructions will develop and histrions will move harmonizing to these constructions. In this manner webs can be seen as objects and they have an consequence on an histrion s public presentati on. On the other manus it is argued that webs are created from the strategic picks histrions make in make up ones minding to web or non. In this context, webs develop because of histrions picks to put in the webs and act harmonizing to the web s logic. Networks are because of this seen as procedures in action and are, in contradiction to the construction position, the dependant variable ( Klok, 2011, HC2-sheet14 ) . The Rise And Fall Of Hitler Re EssayIn footings of answerability web administration can besides take to jobs. With the entrance of new histrions in a web it might be ill-defined who is responsible for what and it will go more hard to keep the responsible organisation accountable for its actions. As new wave Kersbergen and van Waarden province in their article a effect of the displacements in authorization of and within administration mechanisms might be that traditional instruments for control of power may go less effectual ( van Kersbergen A ; van Waarden, 2004, p.157 ) . Because of this ground it is as a municipality of import to find how to cover with this facet of answerability and in which extent you want to be accountable for the actions of another histrion in the web. Which facets should be considered when doing existent agreements for web administration, in order to maximise benefits and minimise jobs? After it is being decided to web, it is of import to pay attending on how the web should looks like and which facets should be considered when doing existent agreements for web administration. Provan and Kenis ( 2007 ) supply a model on this in which they provide three signifiers of administration. The first signifier of administration is a participant-governed web in which administration is extremely decentralized, all organisations are equal and no distinguishable administrative entity is present. The 2nd signifier of administration is a lead organization-governed web in which one organisation is the lead organisation which coordinates all network-level activities. The 3rd manner of administration is a web administrative organisation ( NAO ) . In this web an administrative entity is established to regulate the web and is hence extremely brokered, with the NAO as the web agent, and externally governed by the NAO ( Provan A ; Kenis, 2007, p.6-8 ) . The pick on which administration s ignifier to take for a web depends on several factors like trust, the figure of participants, end consensus and the demand for network-level competences. Shared administration is for illustration the most suited signifier of administration when there is a high denseness of trust, there are a few participants, the end consensus is high and the demand for network-level competences is low ( Provan A ; Kenis, 2007, p.9 ) . Besides Sydow and Windeler ( 2003 ) argue which aspects should be considered when doing existent agreements for web administration but alternatively of Provan and Kenis ( 2007 ) they focus more on the requirements of organizing a web. These requirements are trust, control and cognition, which go manus in manus with each other and each requires the being of the other. However, the relationship between these requirements is besides characterized by tensenesss and contradictions. To exemplify this interrelation of trust, cognition and control Sydow and Windeler ( 2003 ) make usage of the structuration theory. The dealingss between trust, cognition and control are mutual and can hold a positive every bit good as a negative influence on each other in the manner that it enables and restrains the capableness of agents to move. Because of this direction of the tensenesss and contradictions between the requirements is important for effectual web administration ( Sydow A ; Windeler, 2003 ) . Besides the old described facets which should be taken into consideration when doing existent agreements for web administration, it is besides of import to pay attending to the facet of citizen engagement. Particularly for a municipality it is of import to promote citizen engagement and affect citizens in webs. Lowndes et Al ( 2006 ) provide in their article a diagnostic tool which describes the factors act uponing citizen engagement. This diagnostic tool is based on the CLEAR-model, which states that citizen engagement is most effectual when several demands are met. The first demand is that citizens can take part, this means they have the resources and cognition to take part. The 2nd demand is that citizens like to take part in the manner that they have a sense of fond regard that reinforces engagement. The 3rd refers to the fact that citizens are enabled or have the chance to take part. The 4th demand is that citizens are asked to take part by official organic structures or volunta ry groups. The last demand refers to the fact that there is being responded to citizens engagement, this means that citizens see grounds that their positions have been considered and their input is being appreciated. Particularly for a municipality it is of import to pay attending to these demands when one wants to promote citizen engagement and affect citizens in webs. By making this, besides legitimacy as being discussed earlier can be increased ( Lowndes, Pratchett A ; Stoker, 2006 ) .